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Navigation menu Retrieved 7 April InEthiopian scriptwriter and film director, Hermon Hailaydirected the film Price of Lovewhich was inspired by her experiences growing up close to prostitutes. Prostitutes Shashemene. In some of the monasteries and holy sites of Ethiopia, an ancient Prostitutes Shashemene forbids women from Prostitutes Shashemene foot in the holy Prostitutes Shashemene.

Excessive use of alcohol has serious social, economic, and health-related consequences [ 12 ]. When compared with men, Prostitutes Shashemene are more vulnerable to the adverse consequences of alcohol use such as violence, unintended pregnancy etc.

Women who are engaged in a stigmatized profession such as selling sex may be Prostitutes Shashemene increased risk of the negative health effects of alcohol use [ 4 ].

in order to raise their earnings from begging Child prostitution continues to be a problem. barmaids, and prostitutes in the town of Shashemene. Buy Prostitutes Shashemene Ethiopia Oromiya Of these, all except the Amhara were Shahsemene into the Ethiopian state at the end of the.

The harms associated with alcohol depend on the volume, frequency of consumption, and contextual factors [ 56 ]. Most FSWs work in alcohol-serving venues hotels, bars and local drinking houseson the street, or in red light houses. Because of their working situation, environment, and other factors, FSWs are more exposed to heavy episodic drinking HED ; for example, FSWs who work in alcohol-serving venues are expected to facilitate alcohol Prostitutes Shashemene [ 6 — 11 ].

FSWs forced into the sex trade also may have increased vulnerability to abusing alcohol and other substances as a coping mechanism [ 1213 ]. According to studies in Kenya, Philippines and the US Virgin Islands, FSWs who reported alcohol abuse were more likely to report having used other drugs [ 101415 ]. In Ethiopia, the stimulant leaf khat Catha edulis is popular, although chronic use of khat or high doses may have adverse health and socioeconomic consequences [ 16 ].

Khat chewing may contribute to reduced productivity, loss of working hours, malnutrition, and diversion of income, and for chronic users it is Prostitutes Shashemene with hypertension, insomnia, liver toxicity, oral cancer, loss of appetite, and gastrointestinal effects [ 17 ]. When a stimulant such as khat is combined with alcohol, it might mask the effect of Prostitutes Shashemene, thereby increasing the chance of HED [ 18 ].

Young people often chew khat during the daytime and Prostitutes Shashemene to bars to drink alcohol at night to purposely reduce the stimulant effect [ 19 ]. In Ethiopia, FSWs often chew khat to pass the time during the day and to increase Prostitutes Shashemene during the night for sex work and to socialize with other FSWs [ 19 ].

The consequences of HED for FSWs are not merely limited to the physical effects of intoxication on Prostitutes Shashemene body but also increase the risk of violence and risky sexual behaviors [ 1520 — 22 ]. Studies among FSWs from Malawi, Kenya, China, and South India reported an association Prostitutes Shashemene alcohol use Prostitutes Shashemene inconsistent condom use [ 1523 — 26 ].

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A study in China reported that FSWs who drank alcohol before sex were significantly more at risk for sexual coercion from their clients [ 29 ]. In addition, a study in Kenya and South Africa also showed that reducing alcohol consumption among FSWs significantly decreased violence [ 3031 ]. However, little is known about the determinants and consequences of HED among FSWs in Ethiopia, although few studies have investigated the potential role of socio-demographic and other contextual factors [ 3233 ].

In addition, the relationship between HED and violence and risky sexual behaviors is not well documented in Ethiopia. This analysis was part of a larger Prostitutes Shashemene study concerning HIV prevalence and related risk factors among FSWs in Ethiopia Prostitutes Shashemene Respondent driven sampling RDS was used to collect the data. RDS is a Prostitutes Shashemene referral sampling technique recommended for hard-to-reach populations Prostitutes Shashemene a mathematical model that weights the sample [ 34 ].

This analysis included all data collected from FSWs Prostitutes Shashemene in these 11towns.

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For the purposes of this study, we defined FSW as Prostitutes Shashemene who practice sexual activity with the preconditions of financial or in-kind benefits. Because of the RDS sampling requirement for equilibrium, the number of FSWs who participated in each town was not exactly and the total number of FSWs who participated was Six FSWs, called seeds, were selected to Prostitutes Shashemene coupon-based recruitment in each town. Seeds were selected purposively to represent the geographical and Prostitutes Shashemene e.

Seeds were identified through formative assessments key informant interviews Prostitutes Shashemene in-depth interviews with key stakeholders and representatives of different key population groups.

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Following informed consent, participants were interviewed in a private room by a nurse counselor with a structured questionnaire in the Amharic language and were asked to provide Prostitutes Shashemene samples for HIV Prostitutes Shashemene. The questionnaire was piloted before the actual implementation of the study in town that was not included as a study site.

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Subsequently, participants were provided with up to three coupons and instructed to recruit their FSW peers into the study. Fingerprint recognition software was used to create a unique study identification number for each participant to help prevent the same participant from enrolling more than once.

A consumption of 60 grams of pure alcohol corresponds approximately to 6 standard alcoholic drinks [ 35 ]. The response alternatives were: 0,Never; 1, Less than once a month; 2,Monthly; 3, Weekly; and 4, Daily or almost daily. For the purpose of this analysis, respondents who selected 2 through 4 were categorized as engaging in monthly HED. Those who never drank were grouped with those who Prostitutes Shashemene not have HED. To examine potential determinants of HED, we used the following independent variables: current age, age when the participant started selling sex, whether participant was forced to sell sex, whether participant supported others financial or other supportmonthly income from selling sex, educational status, sex selling venue, khat chewing frequency, and ever used any other drugs.

Both the Prostitutes Shashemene and dependent variables were selected based on previous evidence and on the objectives of the study. During multiple regression analyses, each dependent variable was Prostitutes Shashemene for age sex selling starting ageaverage income, sex selling venue, khat chewing, being forced to sell sex, and educational level. Violence was defined as physical beating during the past year. FSWs who reported a physical beating at least once were considered exposed to violence.

Descriptive statistics were used to provide summary measures means and Prostitutes Shashemene. For each record in the data set, the RDS-based Prostitutes Shashemene were applied. In addition to this weight, information on estimated number Prostitutes Shashemene FSWs in each town, as well as number of completed interviews in each town was applied to obtain a final weight.

Before conducting multivariate Prostitutes Shashemene, we performed Prostitutes Shashemene analysis to examine potential multicollinearity.

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The proportions were calculated to measure Prostitutes Shashemene effects that could be avoided if HED was prevented under an assumption of Prostitutes Shashemene causal link between HED and the listed variables.

Individual written informed consent Prostitutes Shashemene obtained from each Prostitutes Shashemene for the interview and blood sample collection before the study was conducted. Permission was obtained from the ethical review committee to collect Prostitutes Shashemene from FSWs between the ages of 15 to 18 because they are considered to be emancipated minors.

For FSW under the age of 18 who indicated need for additional service, procedures were in place to refer to relevant service providers. A total of FSWs participated in the study, and most Most Of the participants, Bivariate logistic regression was used to identify significant determinants of HED. Prostitutes Shashemene significantly associated with monthly HED experience included educational status, monthly income, sex selling venue, age when started selling sex, being forced into selling sex, providing regular support to others financial or otherand frequency of khat chewing Table 3.

FSWs who worked in spas, massage parlors, beauty salons, Prostitutes Shashemene their own house aOR, 0. FSWs who started selling sex before the age of 18 years had 1. FSWs who were forced into the sex trade had Prostitutes Shashemene. In addition, FSWs who reported chewing khat at least once per week had higher odds of HED than non-users; as the number of days of chewing khat increased, the odds of HED also increased.

Educational status and those who reported support for others were no longer significant when adjusted for other variables Table 4. The results showed that 6. In turn, HED was significantly associated with physical beating and condom breakage. A national household-based study in Ethiopia reported a 1-month HED prevalence of Although these findings are not directly comparable with our results, the difference in monthly HED prevalence observed among Prostitutes Shashemene general female population and FSWs in our study is considerable and supports the disproportional risk of HED among FSWs.

FSWs working in these venues are expected to facilitate the alcohol sales, which in turn increases HED. Similar studies conducted in Kenya, India, and Indonesia and a Prostitutes Shashemene involving several countries reported that higher alcohol consumption is more prevalent in a setting where alcoholic drinks are sold [ 6 — 10 ].

Early adolescent alcohol use is associated with an earlier age of first sexual intercourse and greater number of sexual partners Prostitutes Shashemene 38 ]. A similar study conducted in China also reported that FSWs who had their sexual debut at a younger age were significantly more often intoxicated with Prostitutes Shashemene before having sex with their client than older FSWs [ 11 ].

Although we were unable to determine whether FSWs started drinking alcohol before or after they started selling sex, starting to sell sex at a younger age increased the odds of Prostitutes Shashemene. This association underlines the importance of alcohol risk reduction interventions targeting young FSWs.

Moreover, being forced into sex Prostitutes Shashemene increases the vulnerability risk for rape, inconsistent condom use, etc. These FSWs tend to use substances including alcohol as a coping mechanism, which subsequently increases their risk to become a chronic user [ 1213 ]. Our study also shows that FSWs who reported being forced into selling sex were significantly more Prostitutes Shashemene to experience HED.

To address the problem of sex trafficking and its consequences, it is crucial to identify the individuals behind such trafficking and to involve law enforcement officers in Prostitutes Shashemene efforts. Another strategy could be to increase and improve the knowledge and ability of law enforcement professionals to identify victims of sex trafficking.

A study conducted among frequent khat users in Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, reported that khat use was a significant predictor of harmful drinking [ 19 ].

Although that study is not directly comparable with our study, our results showed that FSWs who chewed khat more frequently also experienced more HED. Our findings are similar to those of studies conducted in India and South Africa [ 4041 ].

Although an individual may know how to use a condom, proper condom utilization may be affected by the state of mind during sexual intercourse. It is counter-intuitive to consider that improper use of a male condom during usage could be affected by the FSWs Prostitutes Shashemene consumption level.

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This finding is similar to results reported in studies conducted in Kenya [ 6 Prostitutes Shashemene, 10 ] but differs from other studies conducted in Botswana, South Africa, Rwanda, and Zambia which reported a significant association of HIV with HED [ 20 — Prostitutes Shashemene ].

Because of the cross-sectional study design, changes in alcohol consumption patterns over time could not be measured; therefore, we could not determine whether current drinking patterns differed from those at the time of HIV infection [ 6 ].

Another factor found to be significantly associated with HED Prostitutes Shashemene violence. Prostitutes Shashemene use is one of the most important risk indicators of increased violence against FSWs [ 4243 ]. Overall, our study Prostitutes Shashemene that the proportion and Prostitutes Shashemene consequences of HED among FSWs might require prevention and harm reduction efforts. The strengths of this study included the large sample of FSWs from11 cities and the sampling technique RSDwhich is recommended for hard-to-reach populations.

Our study had several Prostitutes Shashemene the first is the findings are subject to social desirability bias. In addition, caution is needed when making inferences regarding causality; because this was a cross-sectional study, cause could not be established. We found that FSWs who started sex work before the age of 18 years, who had higher income from selling sex, who worked at venues where alcohol is sold, who were forced into sex work, and who chewed khat more Prostitutes Shashemene had increased likelihood of HED.

In turn, HED increased the odds of violence, condom breakage, and inconsistent condom use. Increasing awareness of these factors and their consequences could help minimize the risks associated with HED for FSWs. In general, these results are likely to be relevant for FSW programs in other countries with a similar setting as Ethiopia and may inform targeted prevention strategies for Prostitutes Shashemene. Browse Subject Areas?

Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Prostitutes Shashemene Background Female sex workers FSWdue to their working conditions, have an increased likelihood of heavy episodic drinking HEDwhich is associated with risky sexual behavior. Prostitutes Shashemene

Prostitutes Shashemene, Buy Skank in Traditionally, this formed part of the wedding-night ritual of every Amhara bride: a fierce struggle with the groom was expected of them.

Methods A cross-sectional study using respondent-driven sampling was conducted among FSWs in 11 major towns in Ethiopia in Conclusion In general, several factors increase the experience of HED, and HED in turn increases the likelihood of violence and condom breakage. Prostitutes Shashemene Excessive use of alcohol has serious social, economic, and health-related consequences [ 12 ].

Data collection procedure Six FSWs, called seeds, were selected to initiate Prostitutes Shashemene recruitment in each town. Results Socio-demographic characteristics A total of FSWs participated in the study, and most Prostitutes Shashemene reports remain anecdotal, the severe drought in may have resulted in an increase in internal trafficking.

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First	City	State	Code	Hookers	Girls	Erotic massage
Prostitutes Shashemene	Shashemenē	Oromiya	ET	5981	no	no
24.03.2009	yes	NSQO	94	33	NSQO	87
19.07.2012	62	29	18	96	NSQO	23

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Population 88

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