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The FSWs who feared breaching their sex worker identity reported higher fees for each service. Substantial heterogeneity also exists within this population. Participants with positive HIV or syphilis Prostitutes Kaiyuan received further testing and counseling from the local CDC, and were referred to a Prostitutes Kaiyuan national free anti-retroviral treatment ART center, or CDC-affiliated hospitals for syphilis treatment.

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Methods: This analysis includes all HIV-1 seronegative FSWs who were recruited into a prospective study in Kaiyuan with at least one follow-up. Su Y, Ding G, Reilly KH, Norris JL, Liu H, Li Z, Wang G, Fang G, Wang N. Loss to follow-up and HIV incidence in female sex workers in Kaiyuan.

Oxford Academic. Select Format Select format. Table 1 Chinese Prostitutes Kaiyuan typologies and their workplace and approximate Prostitutes Kaiyuan risk. Open in new tab. Scaling up prevention programmes to reduce the sexual transmission of HIV in China.

Google Scholar Crossref. Search ADS. Population-based study of chlamydial infection in China: a hidden epidemic. Systematic review Prostitutes Kaiyuan meta-analysis of syphilis seroprevalence among female sex Prostitutes Kaiyuan in China. Syphilis prevalence and high risk behaviors among female sex workers in different settings. Application of cumulative odds logistic model on risk factors analysis for sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Kaiyuan city, Yunnan province, China.

HIV knowledge and risk behaviors among 60 Prostitutes Kaiyuan positive street walkers. In addition, Prostitutes Kaiyuan dependence was Prostitutes Prostitutes Kaiyuan with elevated rates of injection drug use and sexual risk behaviors among low-paid FSWs [18].

Commercial sex is illegal in China, but it has thrived since the economy reform in the late s due to rapidly widening income disparities, increasing population mobility, and changing norms of Prostitutes Kaiyuan [19]. Prostitutes Kaiyuan It has also been driven by surplus Prostitutes Kaiyuan Kaiyuan labor and limited employment opportunities for women during the past three decades [20].

An Prostitutes Kaiyuan 4—10 million women are engaged in commercial sex industry Prostitutes Kaiyuan various categories [2]. A serial cross-sectional study conducted Prostitutes Kaiyuan and suggested a decreasing trend of HIV prevalence from 0. In addition, there was a disparity between Prostitutes Kaiyuan and low-paid sex workers in both disease prevalence burden in each year and the overall trends during the study period.

HIV prevalence rates were higher among low-paid sex workers in both and There was a non-significant upward trend among lower-paid FSWs although syphilis prevalence Prostitutes Kaiyuan was significantly reduced among higher-paid FSWs [22].

In addition, these FSWs work independently, are not controlled nor protected by gatekeepers, and isolated from their peers, which renders the influence of gatekeepers and peers to promote consistent condom use unfeasible [ 26 , 27 ].

The lead researcher used this format to visually display all data for each theme, and to sort and organize the information.

For instance, a recent systematic review reported a 2-fold increased risk of syphilis among Prostitutes Kaiyuan FSWs [26]. Their vulnerable Prostitutes Kaiyuan characteristics may contribute to their higher rates of unprotected sex [27]and lower utilization of Prostitutes Kaiyuan prevention services [27][28]. Although recent research on FSWs in China has started to pay attention to the heterogeneity of China's commercial sex industry and attempted Prostitutes Kaiyuan focus on low-paid FSWs, few studies have explored the role of psychosocial factors on Prostitutes Kaiyuan behaviors in this group [19].

Due to Prostitutes Kaiyuan, clandestine and discriminatory nature of commercial sex in China, FSWs may constantly live with psychological fears which can lead to a number of psychological problems such as stress, depression, hopeless, pessimism in their daily life [29].

The negative emotions were shown to be associated with high risk sexual behaviors [29]. For example, Hong and colleagues reported that depression was associated with FSWs' inconsistent Prostitutes Kaiyuan of condoms Prostitutes Prostitutes Kaiyuan their clients [8]. Nevertheless, empirical data are still limited regarding psychological fears in the context of commercial sex among low-paid FSWs, and the relationship between their fears and HIV-related behaviors Prostitutes Kaiyuan using condoms, participating in interventions activities, and HIV-testing.

Fear is often caused by perceived threat Prostitutes Kaiyuan is composed of perceived susceptibility likelihood of personally experiencing the threat and Prostitutes Kaiyuan severity magnitude of harm from Prostitutes Kaiyuan threat [31]. Several meta-analysis studies have suggested that the stronger the fear, the greater the attitude, intention, and action of behavior change [32] — [34]. However, there is Prostitutes Kaiyuan of elaboration on the role of psychological fears among low-paid FSWs.

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What they are afraid of may reflect Prostitutes Kaiyuan working and living contexts and interplay with their behaviors. Prostitutes Kaiyuan on fears therefore may demonstrate complex triadic interactions of Prostitutes Kaiyuan structural factors policy, legislation and social stigmapsychological factors and HIV-related behaviors. Guangxi is ranked second at provincial level in terms of HIV prevalence and first in terms of newly reported HIV infection cases in China [35].

Located in the northeast of Guangxi with a population of 1. Commercial sex has grown rapidly along with the flourish of Prostitutes Kaiyuan in this city where an estimate of 2, FSWs worked in at least commercial sex venues [28]. These venues included small roadside restaurants, mini-hotels, hair salons, feet-massage salons, streets e. Once we obtained permission from the gatekeepers, trained outreach health workers from the local Center for Disease Control and Prostitutes Kaiyuan CDC approached the FSWs in Prostitutes Kaiyuan venues to ask for their participation.

The street-based FSWs were recruited by direct contact and peer referral. No one was allowed to stay with the participant during the survey except the interviewer who provided the participant with necessary assistance. The Prostitutes Kaiyuan took about 15 minutes to complete.

Participants were asked about their age, ethnicity, marital status, home residence, education attainment, number Prostitutes Kaiyuan people in the family, Prostitutes Kaiyuan annual household income. For the purpose of data analysis Prostitutes Kaiyuan the current study, we dichotomized ethnicity into Han and non-Han, marital status into ever married and never married, and education attainment into Prostitutes Kaiyuan than middle Prostitutes Kaiyuan versus at least middle school.

Prostitutes Kaiyuan were asked to provide information on their work-related conditions and context, including length of working in commercial sex industry, types of work venues, age groups of most of their clients, number of clients per week, fees charged for each trade, income from sex work in past Prostitutes Kaiyuan, experience of police arrest, and experience of Prostitutes Kaiyuan use. In the current study, drug use was defined to have ever used any type of Prostitutes Kaiyuan drugs including heroin, Prostitutes Kaiyuan, marijuana, opioids, pethidine, ketamine, and ecstasy.

In data analysis, fear of family members and fear of acquaintances becoming aware of their work were combined into a single item of fear of Prostitutes Kaiyuan their sex worker identity. The participants were asked about the frequency of using condoms with Prostitutes Kaiyuan in the past month. The participants were asked whether they had tested for HIV in the past year. First of all, we conducted descriptive analysis to illustrate the content of fear among the FSWs.

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Prostitutes Kaiyuan frequency and proportion of each response were calculated Prostitutes Kaiyuan demonstrate the levels of various fears among the FSWs. Second, we explored the relationship between each specific fear and the FSWs' background variables demographic characteristics, work-related factors, and Prostitutes Kaiyuan perceptions.

We employed one-way ANOVA for continuous measures and Chi-square test for categorical measures to compare the differences between groups in terms of background variables. Third, univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were employed Prostitutes Kaiyuan identify background variables that were associated with each HIV-related behavior i.

Three multivariate logistic regression models were conducted Prostitutes Kaiyuan examine the association between fears and Prostitutes Kaiyuan of Prostitutes Kaiyuan behaviors after adjusting background variables.

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In second and third steps of the analysis, Prostitutes Kaiyuan variable of venue types was dichotomized into the venues with less mobility feet-massage salons and Prostitutes Kaiyuan salons and the ones with more mobility roadside restaurants, mini-hotels, street-based and other sites.

In logistic regression analysis, two income variables were transformed by taking natural logarithms of Prostitutes Kaiyuan values because of their skewed distributions.

An estimated 4—10 million women are engaged in commercial sex industry with various categories [2].

We included four most commonly reported Prostitutes Kaiyuan i. VIF i. There were Prostitutes Kaiyuan Kaiyuan members in each family on average. The mean income from sex work in past month was about 1, yuan. Among all the respondents, 3.

The study was conducted in Kaiyuan City, Yunnan, a city with a population of and large numbers of drug users and sex workers. HIV prevalence and risks among injection and noninjection drug users in northern Thailand: need for comprehensive HIV Prostitutes Kaiyuan programs.

Only 1. Table 2 illustrated the correlations between background characteristics and each fear variable.

As for work-related factors, more FSWs expressing the fear of HIV Prostitutes Kaiyuan engaged in commercial sex for at least one year, and had higher income from sex work in past month. In addition, they were less likely to work in venues with less mobility and had a higher Prostitutes Kaiyuan of younger clients.

Table 1 describes the characteristics of the study population.

The respondents who feared Prostitutes Kaiyuan infection Prostitutes Kaiyuan showed a higher proportion of ever using drug. Fear of STIs had similar correlations with background characteristics. J Clin Microbiol — Table 2. HIV education and prevention activities can be combined with other health care services that FSWs need e.

De sociale Prostitutes Kaiyuan van prostituees Evaluation of the lifting of the brothel prohibition. Determinants Prostitutes Kaiyuan associated Prostitutes Kaiyuan STI positivity were a younger age, a previous STI diagnosis and being notified by partner notification. Prostitutes Kaiyuan undergoing any treatment regimen are generally more aware Prostitutes Prostitutes Kaiyuan the Prostitutes Kaiyuan associated with unsafe sex, and the modes of transmission of HIV, thus are more Prostitutes Kaiyuan to use condoms.

Prostitutes Kaiyuan regression models indicated that working in venues with less mobility, younger clientele, and high HIV awareness positively associated Prostitutes Kaiyuan ever taking an HIV test. Thus, it is not possible to estimate Prostitutes Kaiyuan perception on behalf of the clients, in light of knowing and not knowing the HIV status of the FSWs.

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Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. WoestenbergHannelore M.

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