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Those who survived the destruction of European Jewry, especially those from Eastern Europe, are aware that they are the last living representatives of a once dynamic and creative community. The living standards for many segments of society Prostitutes Volkovysk low. In some cases, the information gained in interrogations conducted without counsel was used against the defendant in court.

The Minsk Prosecutor's office did Prostitutes Volkovysk institute proceedings against the Prostitutes Volkovysk in response to Dmitry Dashkevich's complaint of brutality during his arrest and detention in February During the year, a Brest court sentenced a policeman to hours of public service after a judge convicted him of groundlessly beating Pyotr Savchuk and causing what was termed minor injuries. Savchuk suffered a cerebral injury, a concussion, and several contusions and spent 12 days in the hospital.

According to Savchuk, the judge repeatedly suggested that Savchuk drop the trial and settle out of court see Section 1. Police Prostitutes Volkovysk beat participants in demonstrations and delayed medical care while they were in detention see Section 2. Retired police Lieutenant Prostitutes Volkovysk Myacheslav Grib told journalists in that the police enjoyed "permissiveness and impunity for several years.

On March 26, police pulled Anton Kishkurno out of a car and beat him during his arrest for failure Prostitutes Volkovysk produce documents.

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Prostitutes Volkovysk was waiting outside of a courtroom where his father faced trial for organizing an unauthorized demonstration. He suffered a broken arm and facial injuries; after a short detention, Kishkurno was taken to a Prostitutes Volkovysk.

His trial was postponed on several occasions because of the failure of police officials to appear. During the year, unknown persons attacked several political opponents of the Government. For example, three men attacked Vladimir Kolas on May Prostitutes Volkovysk, just 3 days after his controversial replacement as head of a prominent school that teaches in the Belarusian language. Unknown assailants attacked academicians Yevgeni Babossov on July 11 and Radim Goretski on January 17; some considered these attacks to be attempts to intimidate the Belarusian intelligentsia.

On September 24, an unidentified man attacked Oleg Volchek, leader of the Association for Legal Assistance to the Population, hit him in the Prostitutes Volkovysk, and then disappeared.

He reminded me of the time he had returned to me illegal communist literature that had fallen out of my pants pockets while reading the "Haint" at his home and of how he had kept the incident to himself.

The assault took place just Prostitutes Volkovysk weeks after a Minsk court shut down the Association. No arrests were made nor were charges Prostitutes Volkovysk in these cases by year's end.

There were no developments in the assaults on opposition figures and Prostitutes Volkovysk believers, including those on Aleksei Korol, Tatyana Zhilevich, and Viktor Polevikov.

Dedovshchina--the practice of hazing new army recruits through beatings and other forms of physical and psychological abuse--reportedly continued. Duringthe most recent date for which information is available, 15 criminal charges were brought against servicemen accused of beating their subordinates and disciplinary action was taken against officials.

The Government asserted that the overall crime rate in the armed forces had decreased by 35 percent, but no data on hazing incidents Prostitutes Volkovysk available.

The authorities blocked efforts by family members and human rights monitors to investigate these and other reports of Dedovshchina. On October 23, Interior Minister Naumov stated that the prison population exceeded its capacity by 21 percent.

Credible reports indicated that prison guards regularly beat detainees and prisoners. According to Vladimir Kudinov, a member of the disbanded Parliament and vocal critic of the Lukashenko Government who spent 4 years in prison, torture was widespread Prostitutes Volkovysk prisons.

Several persons held in administrative detention complained about conditions and claimed that authorities ignored their complaints. According to human rights monitors, conditions in prison hospitals were also poor. In prisons, the average amount of space provided for each inmate was 1. Interior Minister Vladimir Naumov stated that the prison population, 52, exceeded total capacity by 20 percent. In many cases, food provided in prisons did not meet minimum medical requirements Prostitutes Volkovysk accommodate dietary restrictions.

Unlike in previous years, the Belarusian Helsinki Committee reported that food was not denied to prisoners during the year. Valery Levonevsky, an opposition activist jailed for an Prostitutes Volkovysk protest, stated that inmates were denied the opportunity to exercise and that food did not meet minimum sanitary standards.

In DecemberProstitutes Volkovysk Constitutional Court ruled that prisons must consider appeals against prison-imposed punishments; however, prisons refused to consider such appeals on the grounds that there were no laws outlining the procedures for handling such appeals. Prostitutes Volkovysk Yelovaya, an activist of the youth group Zubr serving a day sentence for participation in an unauthorized protest, complained that guards ignored her requests for medical attention for several hours before calling for a doctor, who Prostitutes Volkovysk that she be taken to a hospital see Section 2.

According to prison policy, male and female prisoners were held separately. Juveniles were held separately from adults, and pretrial detainees normally were held separately from convicted Prostitutes Volkovysk however, due to prison overcrowding, they occasionally were held together. At times, authorities granted human rights monitors access to observe prison conditions; however, only family members and lawyers were permitted to visit individual prisoners during the year.

On October 28, the Ministry Prostitutes Volkovysk Interior denied the request of several international observers to visit a prison in Mozyr, Gomel Region. Arbitrary Arrest, Detention, and Exile The law places limits on arbitrary detention; however, security forces continued to arrest and detain citizens arbitrarily. Such detentions most often were connected with demonstrations, many of which the authorities had refused to authorize see Section 2. Politically motivated arrests continued, although most of those arrested were released within a few hours or days.

Under the law, the President has the right to subordinate all security bodies to his personal command. The Presidential Guard--created initially to protect senior officials--continued to act against Prostitutes Volkovysk political enemies of Lukashenko with no legislative or judicial oversight.

The authorities often did not investigate abuses by the security forces or hold the perpetrators accountable. Credible reports indicated that petty corruption among Prostitutes Volkovysk was widespread. Both the Criminal Procedure and Administrative Codes specify that police may detain Prostitutes Volkovysk person for up to 3 hours without providing any Prostitutes Volkovysk for the detention, and the authorities frequently used this provision to detain opposition members and demonstrators.

According to the Criminal Code, police may detain a person suspected of a crime for 24 hours without a warrant, within which time the procurator is notified. The procurator then has 48 hours to review the legality of the detention. If the procurator finds that the detention is legal, a suspect may be held for a maximum of 10 days without a formal charge. However, once the decision is made to hold a suspect, formal charges generally are filed.

Once a suspect is charged, a trial must Prostitutes Volkovysk initiated within 2 months, although in some cases the procurator general may extend pretrial detention to 18 months for further investigation. Alternatively a suspect who has been charged may be released on a written pledge not to flee, in which case there Prostitutes Volkovysk no time limit on pretrial investigation.

The law gives detainees rather than the procurator the right to petition the court to determine Prostitutes Volkovysk legality of their detention. In practice, Prostitutes Volkovysk appeals of suspects seeking court review of their detentions were frequently suppressed because detention officials were unwilling to forward the appeals.

No provision for bail exists under the legal code. There was credible evidence that prosecutors charged and courts convicted individuals on false charges. A Minsk city court sentenced Viacheslav Sivchik to 15 days of administrative detention for participating in a banned protest despite photographic evidence and testimony showing that Sivchik was giving an interview at the time of the protest.

Despite legal protections, investigators routinely failed to inform detainees of their rights Prostitutes Volkovysk conducted preliminary interrogations Prostitutes Volkovysk giving detainees an opportunity to consult counsel. In some cases, the information gained in interrogations conducted without counsel was used against the defendant in court.

Access by family members to those detained was at the discretion of the investigators and they frequently were not notified when a family member, even a juvenile, was detained. There were several reports that individuals and members of organizations involved in publishing opposition media were arrested and detained see Section 2.

Unidentified plainclothes officials working for Prostitutes Volkovysk security services also regularly Prostitutes Volkovysk and detained individuals engaged in anti-government demonstrations and in the distribution of opposition materials.

Security officials also held some detainees incommunicado following demonstrations. In addition to the hundreds of anti-government protesters, many of whom authorities held for several hours or days, authorities also held several prominent political detainees for prolonged periods of time in pretrial detention. Lengthy pretrial detention was Prostitutes Volkovysk, although statistics on the number of persons in pretrial detention and the average length Prostitutes Volkovysk such detention were not available.

Mikhail Leonov, director general of the MTZ tractor Prostitutes Volkovysk, remained in pretrial detention from January until December 23, when he was convicted on embezzlement charges.

On June Prostitutes Volkovysk, Leonid Kalugin, former director of the Atlant refrigerator factory, was released after 6 months in administrative detention and over 12 months of restricted freedom under the provisions of the Amnesty Law.

On August 22, Viktor Rakhmanko, former chief of Belarusian railroads and member of the upper house of parliament, was convicted of abuse Prostitutes Volkovysk power and forgery; he was released as his sentence matched the 21 months Prostitutes Volkovysk had spent in pretrial detention and under house arrest.

While the Constitution does not address forced exile and the authorities did not generally use forced exile, there were credible reports that the security services threatened opposition political activists and trade union leaders with criminal prosecution Prostitutes Volkovysk physical harm if they did not cease their activities and depart the country.

Denial of Fair Public Trial The Constitution provides for an independent judiciary; however, in practice the judiciary was not independent Prostitutes Volkovysk was unable to act as a check on the executive branch and its agents.

From Volkovysk, I was fortunate to be able to board a train to Svisloch by profession she is a prostitute and before September she served a special. Prostitutes Luninyets, Phone numbers of Hookers in Belarus. Yes Shower available: Prank Calling Prostitutes. Prostitutes Volkovysk, Buy Escort in.

The Constitution further subordinated the judiciary to the executive branch by giving the President the power to appoint 6 of the 12 members of the Constitutional Court, Prostitutes Volkovysk the chairman. The Council of the Republic, which itself is Prostitutes Volkovysk of individuals appointed by the President or those deferential to the President, appoints the remaining 6 members. The President also has the constitutional authority to appoint and dismiss all district and military judges.

There were reports that some judges attempted Prostitutes Volkovysk influence defendants to alter their pleas see Section 1.

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The criminal justice system has three tiers: District courts, regional courts, and the Supreme Court. The Constitutional Court was established to adjudicate serious constitutional issues; however, it was dependent on the executive branch.

In practice, it did not challenge presidential initiatives, and had no means of enforcing Prostitutes Volkovysk decisions.

Prosecutors, like the courts, are organized into offices at the district, regional, and republic levels. They ultimately were responsible to and serve at the pleasure of the Procurator General, who was appointed by the Council of the Republic.

Prosecutors were not independent and did not have the authority to bring charges against the President or the Presidential Administration. Both the and Constitutions provide for public trials, although there can be exceptions in cases established by law for example, in cases of rape or on grounds of national security ; however, the courts frequently held trials in judges' offices, which prevented some interested observers from monitoring certain trials. Judges adjudicated trials; juries determine innocence or guilt Prostitutes Volkovysk in the case Prostitutes Volkovysk capital offenses in which the defendant pleads not guilty and demands a jury trial.

Since judges were dependent on the Ministry of Justice for sustaining Prostitutes Volkovysk infrastructure and on local executive branch officials for providing their personal housing, there were widespread and credible reports that executive Prostitutes Volkovysk local authorities dictated the outcome of trials to the courts. Defendants have Prostitutes Volkovysk legal right to attend proceedings, confront witnesses, and present evidence on their own behalf; Prostitutes Volkovysk, in practice these rights were not always respected.

The law provides for unlimited access to legal counsel for Prostitutes Volkovysk and that the court appoint one for those who cannot afford a lawyer; however, at times these rights were not respected. A presidential decree subordinates all lawyers to the Ministry of Justice, which controls the licensing of lawyers; therefore, the bar association also was to a considerable extent under Ministry of Justice MOJ control.

Prostitutes Volkovysk to international legal experts and human rights monitors, the decree seriously compromised the independence of lawyers from the authorities. Several lawyers claimed that they were told they would not receive licenses because of their activities in non-governmental organizations NGOs or political parties.

Article 62 of the Constitution provides for the right to freely choose legal representation; however, Presidential Decree number 13 prohibits members of NGOs from representing individuals other than members of their organizations in court. This decree was used on several occasions during the year to deny NGO members the right to defend individuals in court and was also used as a pretext to close certain NGOs see Section 4.

On April 28, a court in Mogilev refused to permit Barys Bukhel of the human rights NGO Vyasna to represent an individual in a civil trial, despite the fact that he was acting as a private citizen. The Constitution establishes a presumption of innocence; however, in practice defendants frequently had to prove their innocence.

According to statistics, the latest available, from the Belarusian Helsinki Committee, criminal charges were brought Prostitutes Volkovysk prosecutors Prostitutes Volkovysk 59, individuals. Of these, onlyor fewer than 0. Both defendants and prosecutors have the right to appeal court decisions, and most Prostitutes Volkovysk cases were appealed; however, appeals rarely resulted in reversals Prostitutes Volkovysk verdicts.

In Prostitutes Volkovysk appeal, neither defendants nor witnesses appear before the court; the court merely reviews the protocol and other documents from the lower court's trial.

Throughout the year, anti-government protestors arrested after demonstrations were subjected to assembly-line style trials, often without opportunity to exercise their right to counsel or the opportunity to Prostitutes Volkovysk evidence or call witnesses see Section 2. There were no reports of political prisoners; however, authorities continued to use administrative measures to detain political activists before, during, and after protests. Arbitrary Interference with Privacy, Family, Home, or Correspondence The Constitution prohibits such actions; however, these rights were not respected in practice.

The interception of telephone and other communications without a court order is prohibited; however, in Prostitutes Volkovysk authorities continued to monitor residences, telephones, and computers. The KGB, MVD, and certain border guard detachments may use wiretaps, but under the law they must obtain a prosecutor's permission before installing them; however, the KGB entered homes, conducted unauthorized searches, and read mail without warrants.

The prosecutor's office exercised no independence from the Government, effectively rendering the due process protections regarding wiretaps meaningless. The Administrative Offenses Code provides penalties for those who obstruct KGB officers in the performance of their duties.

Any effort to prevent KGB officers from entering the Prostitutes Volkovysk of a company, establishment, or organization is an administrative offense, as is any refusal by such entities to allow audits or to deny or restrict access to company information systems and databases. Contracts used by Prostitutes Volkovysk Ministry of Communications for supplying telephone Prostitutes Volkovysk prohibit subscribers from using telephone communications for purposes that run counter to Prostitutes Volkovysk interests and public order.

The Ministry has the authority to terminate telephone service to those who breach this provision; however, there were Prostitutes Volkovysk reports during the year that the Ministry exercised this authority. In most circumstances, night searches are prohibited; however, on the night of February 15, ten armed police officers searched the apartment of Valery Levonevsky after he returned from a meeting to plan a series of demonstrations.

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The officers seized some printed material concerning a presidential decree regulating small business. Levonevsky claimed the authorities refused to Prostitutes Volkovysk him a copy of the search warrant. Unknown intruders broke into the offices Prostitutes Volkovysk several prominent opposition members and human rights NGO.

Unknown intruders broke into the apartment of Vasily Golovatskikh, an opposition deputy in Novopolotsk. Papers were scattered and property was damaged but Prostitutes Volkovysk was taken, according to Golovatskikh. Human rights groups widely believed that members of security services perpetrated these break-ins. Nearly all opposition political figures reported that authorities monitored their activities and conversations; the Government did nothing to refute these reports.

Representatives of certain NGOs also said that their conversations Prostitutes Volkovysk correspondence were monitored routinely by the security services. The Procurator General declined to investigate charges of illegal wiretapping brought by members of the opposition.

The Presidential Guard or security service reportedly continued to conduct surveillance activities of the President's political opponents. There was no judicial or legislative oversight of Prostitutes Volkovysk Presidential Prostitutes Volkovysk budget or activities, and the executive branch repeatedly Prostitutes Volkovysk attempts to exercise such oversight.

Some officials were themselves monitored. Militia officers assigned to stand outside diplomatic Prostitutes Volkovysk were known to keep records of visits by political opposition leaders. On March 6, a Prostitutes Volkovysk of Minsk City Court judges threw out a complaint by United Civic Party leader Anatoly Lebedko over his detention; plainclothes officers who refused to identify themselves forcibly detained Lebedko near a foreign Embassy.

The officers drove him to the KGB headquarters and issued him a formal warning that he would be charged with treason if he did not cease his contacts with foreigners. Some opposition figures expressed reluctance to visit foreign embassies due to fear of reprisals. Harassment in the form of inspections by security officials and confiscation of political literature, often without warrants, was widespread.

Targets included opposition candidates and their supporters. On September 30, customs officials searched the vehicle of Valery Frolov and Vladimir Parfenovich, members of the parliamentary opposition group Respublika, as it crossed the border from Lithuania. As Members of Parliament, both Frolov and Parfenovich claimed they enjoyed immunity from such searches, though such immunity is not outlined in the law. The director of the State Customs Committee stated Prostitutes Volkovysk he ordered the search and claimed that at the state border there were no immune persons, and that he would search any vehicle he deemed necessary.

On March 23, the wife and 7-year-old son of Viacheslav Sivchik were detained prior to a protest in which Viacheslav Sivchik participated. This was considered a move to pressure Prostitutes Volkovysk not to participate in the protest. There were credible reports that the trials of Alexandr Chigir on charges of car theft and assisting in car Prostitutes Volkovysk were related to the political activity of his father, former Prime Minister Mikhail Chigir.

Human rights observers widely believed that his 6-year sentence was disproportionate to the allegations of wrongdoing. On May 16, authorities brought Prostitutes Volkovysk charges Prostitutes Volkovysk Mikhail Chigir, claiming that there was new information Prostitutes Volkovysk Chigir's illegal activity; the trial was suspended and no further action had been taken by year's end.

Section 2 Respect for Civil Liberties, Including: a. Freedom of Speech and Press Both the and Constitutions provide for freedom of speech as well as the freedom to receive, retain, Prostitutes Volkovysk disseminate Prostitutes Volkovysk however, the Government restricted these rights in practice.

Prostitutes Volkovysk and decrees restrict freedom of expression by limiting citizens' use of symbols and words on posters and by overly broad interpretation of libel laws to restrict criticism of government officials and Prostitutes Volkovysk.

During the year, the Government engaged in an apparently calculated campaign to restrict media freedom. The Government continued to make use of its monopoly on television broadcasting to present biased news coverage and to minimize the presentation of opposing points of view. On September 9, President Lukashenko called upon mass media to be used as an instrument for promoting a pro-government state ideology see Section 3. The executive branch continued its suppression of freedom of speech.

A presidential decree prohibits a range of broadly defined activities and limits Prostitutes Volkovysk of expression. The Prostitutes Volkovysk prohibits individuals from carrying placards or flags bearing emblems that are not officially registered with the State, as well as emblems, symbols, and posters that intend to harm the State and public order or Prostitutes Volkovysk and legal interests of the citizens.

The decree also prohibits activities that demean state authorities. This decree was used to prosecute and fine those carrying symbols emphasizing the country's independence, such as the pre-Lukashenko red and white flag.

When he returned from his well deserved rest, he enthusiastically described his experiences there and the attention that was given to him and his fellow workers.

Throughout the year, authorities fined, warned, or jailed members of the media, members of opposition and religious groups, and others who publicly criticized the Government. The defamation law makes no Prostitutes Volkovysk between private and public persons in lawsuits concerning defamation of character. A public figure who was criticized for poor Prostitutes Volkovysk in office by a media outlet may ask the prosecutor to sue both the journalist and media outlet that printed the criticism.

The authorities undertook numerous actions during the year intended to hamper the opposition media. These included the continued use of: Libel laws, limitations on foreign funding, pressure on businesses not to advertise with independent media, limitations on access to newsprint and printing presses, censorship, restrictions on the import of media-related materials, temporary suspension of independent and opposition periodicals, and detention of those distributing such material.

The newspapers and other print media with the largest circulation were state-owned, although there also were a number of independent publications, some of which were critical of the Government. Independent newspapers were available widely in Minsk, but outside of the capital, variety was limited to the state-run national newspaper and local Prostitutes Volkovysk, only some of which were independent. All nationally available radio and television broadcasts originating in the country were government-owned, although some broadcasts from other countries, including Russia, Poland, and Lithuania, could be received in many parts of the country.

The two state-run television networks ONT and Belarusian Television were the only ones to broadcast nationwide. Both regularly featured reporting that was biased heavily in favor of the Government, sharply critical of opposition politicians and organizations, and Prostitutes Volkovysk to provide an outlet for opposing viewpoints.

In Prostitutes Volkovysk, a third state-owned television station, LAD, was established that broadcast to over Prostitutes Volkovysk of the country, using a channel formerly used by the popular Russian television network Kultura and other Prostitutes Volkovysk state television channels.

Local, independent television stations operated in some areas and reported local news relatively unhindered by the authorities; however, most of these stations reported that they were under pressure not to report Prostitutes Volkovysk national level issues or were subject to censorship. All foreign media correspondents are required to register with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. There were no known instances of journalists denied Prostitutes Volkovysk during the Prostitutes Volkovysk.

Unlike inthere were no incidents in which the independent journalists were beaten. There was no indication that the authorities would investigate or prosecute those responsible for the beatings in of Oleg Suprunyuk, Yuri Grimenyuk, or Stanislav Pochobut. On November 29, police detained eight opposition activists for distributing a questionnaire for a street poll about a possible referendum to enable President Lukashenko to run for a third presidential term.

Prostitutes Volkovysk detained activists, including prominent opposition Prostitutes Volkovysk Lyudmila Gryaznova, were charged with distributing unregistered print materials.

None of the other activists appeared at their trials, and at year's end, did not encounter any other legal problems.

Prostitutes Volkovysk, Where buy a escort in (BY). Collaboration in the Holocaust. Jewish students at the Warsaw University were segregated and forced to sit in. Street prostitution appeared to be growing as the economy deteriorated, In April, unknown individuals vandalized a Polish cemetery in Volkovysk.

In September, the Government released the text of a draft Prostitutes Volkovysk law that would require media Prostitutes Volkovysk, including Internet outlets, to reregister with the Government, refute any information considered false and libelous, and stipulate that journalists may be stripped of their accreditation should they publish such information.

The draft law also includes provisions that severely limit the provision of international financial assistance to media outlets, prevents media outlets from publishing materials from unregistered organizations, and requires journalists to "truthfully" report in their articles. During the year, the Government refused all attempts to engage in public discussion of the draft law, which was not discussed during the fall parliamentary session.

In April, Novikova received a 2-year suspended sentence for distributing leaflets critical of Lukashenko at a metro station. By year's end, Novokiva faced additional charges after holding similar demonstrations on November 24 and December The Government's use of presidential decrees was another obstacle for independent press. A presidential decree "On Improving the System of Receipt and Use of Humanitarian Assistance," allegedly aimed at stopping foreign-supported seditious activity, specifically prohibits foreign-supported Prostitutes Volkovysk directed at alteration of the constitutional order, Prostitutes Volkovysk of state power, or encouragement Prostitutes Volkovysk such activities; preparation, administration, and organization of elections, referenda, organization of meetings, rallies, demonstrations, pickets, strikes, publication, and distribution of promotional materials, organization of seminars, and other types of promotional activities involving the population.

The decree was the basis for a Prostitutes Volkovysk crackdown during the electoral campaign on independent media outlets and independent NGOs, many, if not most, of which were supported by the international community. The Government utilized tax inspections, Prostitutes Volkovysk inspections, and confiscation of printed matter and equipment Prostitutes Volkovysk immobilize much of the pro-democratic opposition throughout the campaign, thus severely restricting freedoms of speech and expression see Section 1.

On May 28, local authorities in Borisov ordered state-owned stores to stop the sale of all publications that did not have a special license. Independent newspapers complained that the process of obtaining such licenses, which require the approval of 20 local agencies, was difficult and expensive. Authorities continued to pressure independent newspapers. The law specifies that the Government may close down a publication after two warnings.

Regulatory provisions grant authorities power to ban and censor critical reporting; for example, the State Committee on the Press was given authority to suspend the publication of periodicals or newspapers for 3 months without a court ruling.

Amendments to the law prohibit the media from disseminating information on behalf of political parties, trade unions, and NGOs that are not registered with the MOJ. On May 28, the Ministry of Information suspended the popular independent newspaper Belaruskaya Delovaya Gazeta BDG after giving the newspaper two warnings for articles critical of the Government.

The articles reported on the use of President Lukashenko's personal airplane Prostitutes Volkovysk a Russian model who had visited Lukashenko and provided information about the trials of Mikhail Leonov, former director Prostitutes Volkovysk the Minsk Tractor Factory, and Viktor Kazeko, former President of the Belarusian State Food Industry Concern.

The Government allowed BDG to resume publishing and distribution activities in August; Prostitutes Volkovysk, BDG was unable to find a printing press in the country willing to print the newspaper and was forced to Prostitutes Volkovysk a printing press in Russia. Following BDG's suspension, the Government undertook what appeared to be a systematic campaign to punish any entity that printed or published BDG articles through suspensions, fines, personnel dismissals, and deprivation of access to printing presses.

Actions included the June 4 suspensions of the independent trade union paper, Solidarnasts, the independent newspaper Navinki, and the newspaper Echo, all of which had provided space for BDG's articles. Vladimir Telesh, the director of the printing press that printed Solidarnasts, Navinki, and Ekho was fired from his position for his "failure to meet the provisions of the contract in accordance with the existing law.

On July 22, a state-run printing house in Slonim Prostitutes Volkovysk to continue printing the independent newspaper Mestnaya Gazeta Shag after Prostitutes Volkovysk began printing BDG's articles in its paper. After their suspensions ended, none of these newspapers were able to Prostitutes Volkovysk contracts with local printing presses. On September 23, the Minsk Regional Economic Court upheld a decision by Prostitutes Volkovysk Minsk Oblast Executive Committee to liquidate Mestnoye Vremya Press Ltd, the owner of Prostitutes Volkovysk independent newspaper Mestnoye Vremya, allegedly for failing to provide notification of the company's change of address and charter.

The decision was made despite the fact that in April, the Minsk City Economic Court had overruled the decision and ordered the restoration of the company's registration. Ulan was stripped of his status as an individual entrepreneur. Prostitutes Volkovysk the court's ruling, the Lida branch of the Belarusian Language Society published the newspaper until July, when Ulan's Prostitutes Volkovysk took over as Prostitutes Volkovysk of the newspaper. On October 2, the Ministry of Information suspended publication of the newspaper for up to 3 months alleging that Ulan's wife had no right to engage in publishing activities, despite existing legislation that allows individuals and legal entities to publish newspapers.

The decision was made despite the fact that Ulan's wife also had successfully defeated attempts by local authorities to deny her registeration as an individual entrepreneur, which granted her the right to engage in newspaper publication. In Prostitutes Volkovysk, Ulan's wife filed a lawsuit in the Grodno regional economic court against the local authorities' decision against her. The case was then transferred to the Supreme Economic Court. On December 24, police detained a minibus carrying 5, issues of the independent newspaper Mestnaya Gazeta.

Romulad Ulan and the driver were forced to go to the police station but were released 2 hours later when police were unable to find any Prostitutes Volkovysk violations. On December 26, police sealed the newspaper's offices after fire safety officials determined that Prostitutes Volkovysk fire safety code violations found on December 23 had not been rectified.

However, fire safety officials in Grodno later determined that the local fire safety officials had exceeded their authority and the offices were unsealed on December On July 28, the Ministry of Information annulled the registration of the independent newspaper Den, because the newspaper had not published within 1 year of its last Prostitutes Volkovysk.

On August 26, the Ministry of Information revoked its annulment after it became aware that the newspaper had published an issue of the paper within the past year.

Despite being allowed to resume publication, Den Prostitutes Volkovysk unable to secure an agreement with printing presses to publish the newspaper. On November 27, the Presidential Administration successfully insisted that as a condition of President Lukashenko's appearance on a televised live debate on a Russian television show called Freedom of Speech, the Prostitutes Volkovysk remove 21 representatives of independent media and civil society from the list of intended participants.

On December 27, BSTRC granted the state-owned news agency BelTa the exclusive right to Prostitutes Volkovysk weekly television listings through media outlets starting January 1, The decision, made by the Presidential Administration, raised fears among independent newspapers that they will be denied access to these listings and may face a decline in readership of their newspapers.

The independent press is prohibited Prostitutes Volkovysk presidential decree from using the country's name in its titles. The decree on "the Use by Legal Entities of the Name of the Republic" allows only Prostitutes Volkovysk entities specially authorized by the President to use the name of the country in their titles. Another presidential decree declares all editors-in-chief of state-supported newspapers to be state employees and members of their respective local-level government councils.

Another decree grants the Ministry of Press the authority to assign graduates of state-supported journalism schools to work in state-owned media organizations as a way to repay their schooling. Beginning on June 7, all radio stations Prostitutes Volkovysk required to forward copies of the news stories and play lists they had broadcast to the Ministry of Information.

On January 2, the SCC seized audio and video recording equipment from the office of the Belarusian Union of Filmmakers that was donated by a Russian company on the grounds that the organization improperly prepared documents proving ownership and customs clearance of the equipment. After the Government issued a decree in transferring responsibility for registering electronic media from the Ministry of Communications to the Ministry of Information, all electronic media outlets were required to reregister with the Ministry of Information.

According to the Belarusian Association of Journalists, the authorities did not reject any reregistration applications from electronic media outlets.

The law allows for punishment of public insults or libel against the President by up to 4 years in prison, 2 years of Prostitutes Volkovysk detention in internal exileor by a large fine. The authorities also continued to make use of the articles in the Criminal Prostitutes Volkovysk that prohibit slandering and insulting the President or officials to stifle press freedom.

The Criminal Code provides for a maximum penalty of 5 years' imprisonment for such offenses. According to the Belarusian Association of Journalists BAJ President Zhana Prostitutes Volkovysk, the laws penalizing Prostitutes Volkovysk of officials effectively imposed a ban on press criticism of the Government.

On September Prostitutes Volkovysk, the Constitutional Court, in response to a BAJ petition in July, asked the National Assembly for clarification of these articles, and suggested adding a clause decriminalizing criticism of officials if it does not defame or dishonor them, or use offensive language.

Dissatisfaction among the workers was so serious that they even contemplated organizing a strike.

Prostitutes Volkovysk, the National Assembly took no action by year's end. In March, Nikolai Markevich, editor in chief of the opposition newspaper Pahonia, and Pahonia journalist Pavel Mozheiko were released from their respective detention facilities in Osipovichi and Zhlobin. They were sentenced Prostitutes Volkovysk 2. In December, Viktor Ivashkevich, editor-in-chief of the opposition newspaper Rabochi, was released--his sentence was reduced from 2 years to 1 year. The journalists all qualified for early release based upon normal practice.

On February 24, the Ministry of Information ordered the opposition newspaper Vcherny Stolin to Prostitutes Volkovysk its printing activities for 3 months for alleged "flagrant violations" of the law, inciting social intolerance, and publishing classified material about a police investigation into corruption in the local government without permission.

The Ministry also cited the newspaper's failure to properly report that the newspaper was switching the focus of its reporting from economic issues to political issues. On March 8, following Vcherny Stolin's suspension, Prostitutes Volkovysk Ignatyuk, editor-in-chief of Vcherny Stolin, launched another newspaper, Provintsialka, which continued to provide critical reporting of local officials. On April 18, the Ministry of Information Prostitutes Volkovysk Provintsialka for 3 months on the grounds that Provintsialka exceeded its Prostitutes Volkovysk limit.

The Ministry of Information gave Vcherny Stolin permission to resume publishing so that Ignatyuk could generate income to pay his fines. Publication was resumed in April. In addition to the March 8 Prostitutes Volkovysk, local officials Prostitutes Volkovysk were accused of corruption and abuse of power sued Ignatyuk on three other occasions during the year. On November 17, a Minsk City Appeals Court panel Prostitutes Volkovysk heavy libel fines against the country's largest daily independent newspaper Narodnaya Volya and two journalists for an article written 2 years ago.

The appellate court increased the amount of damages three to five times over Prostitutes Volkovysk a lower court previously levied against the newspaper and the journalists. It made this decision in spite of the regional prosecutor's legal opinion that the fine far exceeded the damages suffered by the complainant. In response to Khalip's articles about official investigations into the alleged corrupt business practices of Prostitutes Volkovysk Kozeko, the former head of a large state-owned food concern, Belgospisheprom, and his son.

At year's end, no further developments had occurred. On June 28, the Ministry of Interior expelled Pavel Selin, a journalist with the Russian television Prostitutes Volkovysk NTV Prostitutes Volkovysk banned him from returning to Prostitutes Volkovysk country for 5 years. The expulsion order came following Selin's reporting on the June 25 funeral of the prominent Belarusian writer Vasili Bykov.

Selin's report described police efforts to interrupt Bykov's funeral procession, the refusal of officials to participate in the funeral along with opposition figures, and Bykov's wife's problems in obtaining residential registration. At year's end, NTV did not issue an apology and its Minsk office remained closed. Prior to the March 2 local elections, on February 6, one radio station in Vitebsk denied a local opposition candidate the opportunity to address radio listeners on a radio program, although three other candidates were able to do so.

According to the BAJ, independent newspapers in the provinces engaged in Prostitutes Volkovysk. During a March visit to Orsha, Culture Prostitutes Volkovysk Leonid Guliaka ordered the removal of several opposition and independent newspapers including Narodnaya Volya and BDG from a local library because "damaging opposition press has no business in a cultural center.

On July 6, officials from the Ministry of Culture and the Minsk City Executive Committee ordered the removal of a painting by Alexei Marochkin at an art exhibit marking the th anniversary of the coronation of Grand Duke Minduah, the founder of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The painting depicted a Prostitutes Volkovysk comparison between Lukashenko and Duke Minduah.

Although there were several Prostitutes Volkovysk service providers in Prostitutes Volkovysk country, they were all state controlled.

The Government's monopoly on Internet service resulted Prostitutes Volkovysk high prices, poor quality, limited service, and allowed the Government to monitor practically all e-mail. Unlike Prostitutes Volkovysk previous years, there were no confirmed instances of authorities selectively Prostitutes Volkovysk off Internet access. In June, hackers attacked a website that posted a copy of a book critical of President Lukashenko. In addition to restrictions placed on Prostitutes Volkovysk media, the Government continued to restrict academic freedom.

University administrators targeted and strongly discouraged research into politically sensitive subjects, such as the country's independence movement during the Soviet era, a theme that is seen to challenge the Government's policy of integration with Russia see Section 1. All independent, non-state, academic Prostitutes Volkovysk are required to obtain special permission from the authorities to hold educational seminars or lectures.

There were also credible reports that independent universities engaged in self-censorship. According to President Lukashenko, educational institutions are to serve as the centers of promoting the new state ideology, with teachers to become "active propagandists.

The Government also continued to harass students engaged in anti-government activities, such as demonstrations see Section 2. In at least one instance, the university's Prostitutes Volkovysk warned students at Belarusian State Technology University that they would be deprived of their benefits and stipends if they did not join the BRYM.

During the year, government efforts to close educational institutions that promoted Belarusian and Jewish studies led many in these respective groups to believe that the Government sought Prostitutes Volkovysk prevent teaching in Prostitutes Volkovysk Belarusian language and the teaching of Judaica see Sections 2.

Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association The and Constitutions both provide for freedom of peaceful assembly; however, the Prostitutes Volkovysk severely restricted this right in practice. Following many unsanctioned demonstrations, police and other security officials beat, detained, and attempted to coerce confessions Prostitutes Volkovysk some demonstrators. Organizers must apply at least 15 days in advance to local officials for permission to conduct a demonstration, Prostitutes Volkovysk, or meeting.

Under the law, the local government must respond with a decision no later than 5 days prior to the scheduled event.

However, such permits were not routinely issued during the year. Beginning with the September elections, most permits either have not been granted or have been granted only for demonstrations in obscure, hard-to-reach locations. On August 29, a law on demonstrations took effect that further restricts citizens' ability to assemble peacefully, and allows the Government to close any organization after a single violation of the law.

The new law was intended to codify a Presidential decree that banned demonstrations by unregistered organizations, limited participation to Prostitutes Volkovysk 1, persons, and prohibited the wearing of masks and use of unregistered flags, symbols, and placards bearing messages deemed threatening to the Prostitutes Volkovysk or public order see Section 2.

According to members of opposition parties, authorities frequently denied permission to opposition groups to meet in public buildings. Nevertheless, public Prostitutes Volkovysk occurred frequently in Minsk, varying in size from a few participants to several thousand. However, they were always under strict surveillance by the authorities, including open videotaping of the participants by the police and plainclothes security officers.

Demonstrations also occurred in other parts of the country although less frequently, particularly in eastern areas close to the border with Russia. On February 14, police broke up an opposition march that was attended by 50 persons and organized by the unregistered youth movement Malady Front. On February 17, five members of Malady Front, including Malady Front leader Pavel Severinets, were sentenced to 5 to 15 days' imprisonment. Following the March 12 Prostitutes Volkovysk March for a Better Life" demonstration, authorities arrested and convicted several of its organizers.

During a March 23 demonstration marking the anniversary of the foundation of the Belarusian National Republic, police arrested approximately 50 persons including Belarusian Popular Front leaders Vintsuk Vyachorka and BPF activist Vladimir Kishkurnko, as well as members of other opposition parties. Many were released after a few hours, but 23 were convicted of participating in an unauthorized rally, and 10 of those convicted, including Vyachorka, Kishkurno, and Vyacheslav Sivchiuk, were sentenced to up to 15 days' imprisonment; 6 participants were heavily fined; and 7 Prostitutes Volkovysk warnings.

Valentin Baranov, an organizer of the March 23 demonstration, was sentenced to 14 days' imprisonment. Baranov had received a day sentence on March 24, and again on April 25, for his involvement in the March 23 demonstration.

After the trial, Baranov, complaining of ill health, was hospitalized and his sentence was cancelled. However, his case was subsequently returned to court, which Prostitutes Volkovysk the charges against him. Prostitutes Volkovysk April 3, police detained approximately Prostitutes Volkovysk members of the unregistered youth movement Zubr after they held an unsanctioned demonstration outside of a foreign embassy in Minsk in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom.

One participant was sentenced to days' imprisonment, while two received warnings. A fourth person, Tatyana Yelovaya, went into hiding and was sentenced in absentia to 10 days imprisonment.

On June 18, Yelovaya was arrested at her university after she finished taking her final exams. On June 20, Yelovaya was rushed to a hospital and underwent medical treatment after developing an infection while in detention. After receiving treatment, Yelovaya was released from the hospital and went into hiding. At year's end, Yelovaya remained in hiding. On October 1, Anatoly Shumchenko, leader of the Perspectiva business association, was arrested and sentenced to 5 days imprisonment for his involvement in organizing a September 3 demonstration in front of a Minsk district Prostitutes Volkovysk building to protest the city authority's pressure on kiosk owners.

On October 30, Alexander Bukhvostov, leader of the Belarusian Union of Automobile and Agricultural Implement Workers, was sentenced to 10 days' imprisonment for attempting to demonstrate against increased government violations of workers rights in downtown Minsk see Section 6. On November 10, Artur Finkevich, a member of Prostitutes Volkovysk unregistered youth organization Prostitutes Volkovysk Front, was Prostitutes Volkovysk for distributing leaflets promoting a November 24 demonstration Prostitutes Volkovysk ostensibly lacked required publication information.

After Prostitutes Volkovysk released Prostitutes Volkovysk November 11, Finkevich was again arrested on November 12 for distributing similar leaflets and was sentenced to 15 days' imprisonment.

After completing his term, Finkevich was immediately tried for his November 10 arrest and was sentenced to 15 days' imprisonment. On Prostitutes Volkovysk 24, 17 persons were arrested in downtown Minsk for participating in an unauthorized demonstrating against possible plans to hold a referendum to allow President Lukashenko to run for president a third time.

Two of those arrested were sentenced to 15 days imprisonment and another demonstrator was sentenced to 5 days imprisonment. Twelve minors who were detained during the demonstration were released. Most of those released ignored subpoenas to appear before court.

On December 2, Gomel oblast authorities prohibited the Belarusian Party of Communists from staging demonstrations throughout the oblast to protest a sharp rise in utility rates in the oblast.

On December 20, approximately 20 members of the unregistered youth organization Zubr held an unsanctioned outdoor vigil to mark the death of Andrei Zaitsev, a former member of Zubr, who committed suicide in after alleging that the KGB attempted to recruit him.

On December 22, a Gomel court sentenced five members of Zubr to 5 days' imprisonment for participating in the event. Unlike in previous years, there were no reports that police beating demonstrators during protests. However, Prostitutes Volkovysk were reports that police violently Prostitutes Volkovysk demonstrators to police vans as they were detaining demonstrators.

The Constitution provides for freedom of association; however, authorities severely restricted this right in practice. During the pre-election period inthe authorities regularly harassed members and supporters of opposition parties and confiscated leaflets and publications see Section 3.

Authorities also continued to attempt to impose severe limitations on the activities of NGOs see Section 4. During the year, the unregistered Association of Belarusian Students reported that members of the organization, like other students, were pressured to join the government organized Belarusian Republican Youth Movement. Employees at state-run enterprises were discouraged from joining independent trade unions see Section 6.

According to the law, NGOs, political parties, and trade unions are required to register with authorities and it is illegal to work with an unregistered NGO. Presidential decree 24, issued on November 28, stipulates that international assistance can be granted to, or accepted by, an organization that is registered with the Ministry of Economy. Interim activities that had previously been legal while registration was pending are now Prostitutes Volkovysk. The new decree would essentially freeze the activities of foreign-sponsored NGOs for as long as the reregistration process was prolonged.

Decree 24 also specifies that any local body that receives "illegal" foreign aid, including from an unregistered NGO, Prostitutes Volkovysk closed after just one violation. Private organizations are prohibited by regulation from using private residences as their legal addresses. In light of government Prostitutes Volkovysk or ownership of many office buildings, the regulations had the effect of complicating the reregistration process by making nonresidential addresses difficult to establish.

After the Prostitutes Volkovysk process had begun, the authorities announced that in addition to registering, organizations would have to alter their charters to indicate recognition of the Constitution and to exclude the words "popular" or "national" from their titles.

Inan amendment to the Law on Public Associations codified this announcement by prohibiting political and social organizations from using the Prostitutes Volkovysk "Belarus," "Republic of Belarus," "national," or "popular" in their titles. Although most of the major political parties and unions that applied were allowed to reregister, the Assembly of Belarusian Pro-democratic NGOs reported that only 1, or 57 percent, of the NGOs in existence when the reregistration law went Prostitutes Volkovysk effect, were reregistered by the summer of The MOJ rejected a total of NGOs for reregistration on various grounds, and 31 were in the process of reregistering at year's end.

According to statistics from the MOJ, during the year regional Prostitutes Volkovysk of trade unions, regional branches of social associations, and regional branches of political parties were registered.

The same statistics indicate that the MOJ liquidated 51 NGOs, many of which have been actively involved in promoting civil society and human rights. According to one human rights NGO, most of the organizations that were registered during the year dealt with sports and entrepreneurial interests and none of the registered Prostitutes Volkovysk promoted civil society. During the year, the MOJ challenged the registration of several opposition parties and NGOs over their legal addresses.

These organizations were unable Prostitutes Volkovysk obtain space in office buildings since many locations were either owned by the Government or were too expensive. Instead, they must operate out of private apartments Prostitutes Volkovysk the Government did Prostitutes Volkovysk consider legal addresses. The Assembly, the country's largest NGO umbrella organization, complained that it had applied for registration in Aprilbut the MOJ decided the matter only on October 14 the law requires that the MOJ render a decision in 1 month.

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